http://news.yahoo.com/peta-lawsuit-seeks-expand-animal-rights-222219887.htmlSAN DIEGO (AP) — A federal court is being asked to grant constitutional rights to five killer whales
who perform at marine parks — an unprecedented and perhaps quixotic
legal action that is nonetheless likely to stoke an ongoing, intense
debate at America's law schools over expansion of animal rights.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals is accusing the SeaWorld parks of keeping five star-performer whales in conditions that violate the 13th Amendment ban on slavery. SeaWorld depicted the suit as baseless.
The
chances of the suit succeeding are slim, according to legal experts not
involved in the case; any judge who hews to the original intent of the
authors of the amendment is unlikely to find that they wanted to protect
animals. But PETA relishes engaging in the court of public opinion, as evidenced by its provocative anti-fur and pro-vegan campaigns.
The suit, which PETA says it will file Wednesday in U.S. District Court in San Diego,
hinges on the fact that the 13th Amendment, while prohibiting slavery
and involuntary servitude, does not specify that only humans can be
victims.
Jeff Kerr, PETA's
general counsel, says his five-member legal team — which spent 18 months
preparing the case — believes it's the first federal court suit seeking
constitutional rights for members of an animal species.
The plaintiffs are the five orcas, Tilikum and Katina based at SeaWorld in Orlando, Fla., and Corky, Kasatka and Ulises at SeaWorld San Diego.
Tilikum, a six-ton male, made national news in February 2010 when he
grabbed a trainer at the close of a performance and dragged her
underwater until she drowned.
Captured nearly 30 years ago off
Iceland, Tilikum has enormous value as a stud and has fathered many of
the calves born at SeaWorld parks.
The
lawsuit asks the court to order the orcas released to the custody of a
legal guardian who would find a "suitable habitat" for them.
"By
any definition, these orcas are slaves — kidnapped from their homes,
kept confined, denied everything that's natural to them and forced to
perform tricks for SeaWorld's profit," said Kerr. "The males have their
sperm collected, the females are artificially inseminated and forced to
bear young which are sometimes shipped away."
SeaWorld,
which is owned by private equity firm Blackstone Group LP, said any
effort to extend the 13th Amendment's protections beyond humans "is
baseless and in many ways offensive."
"SeaWorld is among the
world's most respected zoological institutions," the company said.
"There is no higher priority than the welfare of the animals entrusted
to our care and no facility sets higher standards in husbandry,
veterinary care and enrichment."
The statement outlined the many
laws and regulations SeaWorld is obliged to follow, touted the company's
global efforts to promote conservation of marine mammals, and said the
orcas' performances help give the public a better appreciation and
understanding of these animals.
SeaWorld
and other U.S. marine parks are governed by the Marine Mammals
Protection Act, which allows public displays of the creatures if permits
are obtained and the facility offers and education/conservation
programs for the public.
Overall,
under prevailing U.S. legal doctrine, animals under human control are
considered property, not entities with legal standing of their own. They
are afforded some protections through animal-cruelty laws,
endangered-species regulations and the federal Animal Welfare Act, but
are not endowed with a distinct set of rights.
However, the field
of animal law has evolved steadily, with courses taught at scores of law
schools. Many prominent lawyers and academics have joined in serious
discussion about expanding animal rights.
Rutgers
University law professor Gary Francione, for example, contends that
animals deserve the fundamental right to not be treated as property. Law
professor David Favre of Michigan State University has proposed a new
legal category called "living property" as a step toward providing
rights for some animals.
Favre was skeptical that litigation seeking to apply the 13th Amendment to animals would prevail.
"The
court will most likely not even get to the merits of the case, and find
that the plaintiffs do not have standing to file the lawsuit at all,"
he said by email. "I also think a court would not be predisposed to open
up that box with fully unknown consequences."
Harvard
law professor Laurence Tribe, who in past writings has proposed
extending legal standing to chimpanzees, also expressed doubt that the
courts were ready to apply the 13th Amendment to animals. But he
welcomed the PETA lawsuit as a potentially valuable catalyst for
"national reflection and deliberation" about humans' treatment of
animals.
"People may well look
back at this lawsuit and see in it a perceptive glimpse into a future of
greater compassion for species other than our own," Tribe wrote in an
email.
Tribe noted that some Americans might find it bizarre or
insulting to equate any treatment of animals to the sufferings of human
slavery. But he argued that the 13th Amendment was written broadly, to
address unforeseen circumstances, and could legitimately be applied to
animals.
An African-American
constitutional expert, Nicholas Johnson of Fordham University School of
Law, said he could understand why some blacks might be insulted by the
lawsuit, but didn't share that reaction: "I'm more entertained by it in
the legal context than I am offended by it."
PETA
addressed this issue in the suit, noting that repeated Supreme Court
rulings have applied the 13th Amendment to many forms of involuntary
servitude beyond the type of slavery that existed during the Civil War.
"The
historical context is undeniable," said Jeff Kerr, the PETA lawyer.
"But that's not what this case is about. It's about the orcas in their
own right, not whether they are or aren't similar to humans."
The
five orcas are represented in the case by PETA and four individuals:
Ric O'Barry, a longtime orca and dolphin trainer; Ingrid Visser, a New
Zealand marine biologist who has studied orcas extensively; Howard
Garrett, founder of the Orca Network, an advocacy group in Washington
State; and Samantha Berg, a former orca trainer at SeaWorld Orlando.
The
lawsuit details the distinctive traits of orcas, the largest species
within the dolphin family, including their sophisticated problem-solving
and communicative abilities and their formation of complex communities.
The
suit alleges that captivity in the "barren tanks" of a marine park
suppresses the orcas' abilities and relationships, and subjects them to
stress. This sometimes leads to instances where the orcas injure
themselves, other orcas or humans that interact with them, according to
the suit.
Naomi Rose, the Humane Society's marine mammal
biologist, said there's a growing body of research suggesting that
whales, dolphins and porpoises have the cognitive sophistication of
3-to-4-year-old human children.
As for the orcas at SeaWorld, she said, "They don't seem to adapt to captivity. I would say they're miserable."
At
SeaWorld San Diego, visitors are shown a film touting the park's rescue
efforts that have saved thousands of sea creatures. During the main
performance, trainers point out how much the orcas are similar to
humans: The babies cry before moving on to babbling and finally
imitating the crackling sounds of the adults' voices.
Jenny
Raymond, 47, who was visiting from Switzerland, said she was delighted
by the show and does not buy the argument that the orcas are slave
laborers.
"I think they are in better conditions here than in the wild," she said.
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